PDRN (polydeoxyribonucleotide) is a DNA fragment derived from salmon sperm that activates the adenos...

Argan oil (Argania spinosa kernel oil) is a non-comedogenic plant oil rich in oleic acid (43–49%), l...

Rice extract (Oryza sativa) contains ferulic acid, phytic acid, allantoin, gamma-oryzanol, and ceram...

Alpha arbutin is a glycosylated hydroquinone derivative that inhibits tyrosinase activity to reduce ...

Kojic acid is a naturally derived tyrosinase inhibitor produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi...

Collagen is the primary structural protein in human skin, constituting 75–80% of dermal dry weight a...

Peptides are short chains of 2–50 amino acids that function as cell-signaling molecules, instructing...

Ceramides are lipid molecules that constitute 50% of the skin barrier’s intercellular matrix, formin...

Snail mucin (snail secretion filtrate) is a multi-compound complex containing glycoproteins, hyaluro...

Centella asiatica is a medicinal plant containing 4 bioactive compounds—asiaticoside, madecassoside,...